8/04/2011

Reading Summation 5 – It’s Complicated: Facebook Users’ Political Participation in the 2008 Election by Jessica Vitak, M.A., Paul Zube, M.A., Andrew Smock, MLS, Caleb T. Carr, M.A., Nicole Ellison, Ph.D., and Cliff Lampe, Ph.D.


During the 2008 campaign, there were about 65% of Social Network Site (SNS) users joined 1/5 political activities on SNS (Smith A), and research shows the main focus of SNS-politic are campaign strategy and the political use of social media technology (Sweetser KD & Lariscy RW). Also, through SNS, like Facebook, the users can share their political points of view and interact with other users, and other users can visit some political sites by connecting the share information. For political participation, there are three factors, such as access to resources, campaign recruitment, and psychological engagement. However, most of time, the political resources ignored civic skills development to applying flexibly of these resources and limited to important socioeconomic indicators. The goals of this survey are to figure out the predicting political participation on Facebook.  Some studies show that internet can offset the lacks parts of form of civic engagement (Krueger BS & Tolbert CJ & McNeal RS.), and a research shows that the internet satisfied the traditional methods of communication (Wellman B & Hasse AQ & Witte J & Hampton KN). Also, Elin points out that the internet let the users to immerse in their personal political information by providing a virtual space. Moreover, the effectiveness of peers might encourage the use of social media and the political engagement, like post information on Facebook.
This survey picked out a random sample of 4000 undergraduates students and got 683 valid responses, and there were four main questions which including what the general political activities college students are engage in, what political activities on Facebook  do college students engage in, do college students perceive Facebook as an appropriate venue for political activity, does political activity on Facebook influence general political participation, and what factors influence political activity on Facebook.  The result shows that there is a complex relationship for young people between social media technology usage and the political participation. The immersion of political participation has also increased with age, and part of the reasons is the cumulative experience of citizens. Facebook is a wonderful platform for civic skill practicing with minimal commitment of time and effort. The users of Facebook are typical Slacktivists which having the loose attitude to participate in politics. Also, highly interactivity might encourage the user to participate in politic on Facebook. Additionally, Fabeook can be the enhancer of other forms of political activity that can develop the scale and effectiveness through Facebook.


Work cited 
1. Smith A. The Internet’s role in campaign 2008. Pew Internet & American Life Project 2009. pewinternet.org/Reports/
2009/6–The-Internets-Role-in-Campaign-2008.aspx (Accessed June 20, 2009).
2. Sweetser KD, Lariscy RW. Candidates make good friends: An analysis of candidates’ use of Facebook. International
Journal of Strategic Communication 2008; 2:175–98.
3. Krueger BS. Assessing the potential of Internet political participation in the United States: A resource approach.
American Politics Research 2002; 30:476–98.
4. Tolbert CJ, McNeal RS. Unraveling the effects of the Internet on political participation? Political Research Quarterly 2003;
56:175–85.
5. Wellman B, Hasse AQ, Witte J, et al. Does the Internet increase, decrease, or supplement social capital? American
Behavioral Scientist 2001; 45:436–55.
6. Hampton KN, Wellman B. (2002) The not so global village of Netville. In Wellman B, Haythornthwaite C, eds. The Internet and everyday life. Oxford, England: Blackwell, pp. 345–71.
7. Elin L. (2003) The radicalization of Zeke Spier: Howthe Internet contributes to civic engagement and new forms of social capital. In McCarthy M, Ayers MD, eds. Cyberactivism: Online activism in theory and practice. New York: Routledge, pp. 97–114.

8/02/2011

Annotated Bibliography-Papers

Annotated Bibliography-Papers

Andrews, Jim. "Poetry & entertainment in arteroids."Language Ehplosion 2.50 (2005): n. pag. G A M E S , P O , A R T, P L A Y, & A R T E R O I D S. Web. 23 Feb. 2011.
Arteroids is a game project which was by Jim Andrews. Andrews crated this experimental game and treats this project as an artwork. He depresses the concept and the goal behind the game in his assay. My opinion is very similar with Jim Andrews who believes a game can be art if the degree it confronts the problematical issues it raises and the degree to which it questions the assumptions of the world it creates or simulates. But I also believe that if a work was painstaking made, I will count it as an artwork. If a work that can give the viewers, users, and players some experiences, it can be an artwork. Base on this argument, I believe a game can be a type of art if the players can receive different feelings and experiences. Also, art is the most important element for Activism, but only few successful examples for making game for activism. It might be a good direction of my thesis.

Lee, Jason Wen Yau . "An exploration on the use of Facebook as a tool for social support during an intercultural exchange program."  (2010): 1-5.academia.edu. Web. 20 July 2011.
By using Facebook, this study tries to explore the effectiveness of social network in a high school intercultural exchange program. The goal of this study is to create a network connection with peer for better information sharing and unrestrictive manner because participants on an exchange program are not easily to interflow. Also, Lee mentions that if students have already spent time and engine on building the relationship of social networking in daily life, it will be easier to create an educational communities of knowledge. In short, social networking websites is a common way for young generation. Although the connection of social networking is overlapping with the social networking in real life, it might also have the potential to build relationships virtually. I think this study might help for understanding my audiences because this study was done in Singapore. The situation of less communication for participating peer happens a lot in Asia countries, and it has the same situation in Taiwan, too.


Van Laer, Jeroen, and Peter Van Aelst. "INTERNET AND SOCIAL MOVEMENT ACTION REPERTOIRES Opportunities and limitations." internet and social movement Universiteit Antwerpen (2011): n. pag.http://academia.edu/. Web. 19 Jan. 2011.
Internet has changed the action repertoire of social movement in two ways, how to attract more people, saving time, and make the action easier in an availability usage and developing new tools for activism. In the article, the writers point out “how the Internet has shaped and shaping the collective action repertoire of social movements pursuing social and political change.  However, the limitations of internet which are digital divide, internet makes it not easy enough, internet makes it too easy, the new media lost their newness, and the internet only creates weak ties are still the disadvantages for using internet as a tool for activism. I think power of social networking website games can offset the limitations of internet or enhance the advantages of internet using for activism. Because the players engage in game always rising the confidence level than normal internet using, they pay more attention when disseminating and receiving information.

Van Laer, Jeroen, Stefaan Walgrave, Lance Bennett, and Christian Breunig. "Digital Media Use of Protest Participants." Multiple Engagements and Network Bridging in Contentious Politics: 1 (2011): 1-30. Web. 20 July 2011.
The usage of digital media is through ICT(Information and communication technology), one can notify his or her political status and strive social changing which are to promote multiple engagements. There are two purposes of this paper which are to promote the use of digital media in the controversial events that extent to which engagement in multiple social movements and the degree of Activism in the cause of the overlapping network of linkages between social changes. Through three different types of protest surveys, this article including nation (keeping constant nation), issues (keeping constant issue), and time (keeping constant both nation and issue) for investigating how digital media have been used in sustaining multiple engagements in different protest events and different movement organizations. Also, Laer want to figure the extent of digital media use that allow the combination of multiple engagements with diverse causes. He analyzes two aspects of this question from individuals (micro-level) and movement organizations (meso-level). Additionally, Laer anticipates that in these different stages of the protest cycles, internet and it power of linkages have different effects.

Vitak, Jessica , Paul Zube, Andrew Smock, Caleb T. Carr, Nicole Ellison, and Cliff Lampe. "It’s Complicated: Facebook Users’ Political Participation in the 2008 Election." VITAK ET AL. 1 (2008): 1-8. academia.edu. Web. 20 July 2011.
Social networking websites played as an important role in the 2008 U.S presidential election, and how about the effectiveness of activists on Facebook for young voters?  Facebook is a good platform for practicing civic skills in a shortest possible time, and it’s effective, and it might enhance the civic-development notion. This study found that the relationship of young people who using social media technology and participating in political movement are complicated, and the involve degree is shallow. There are 65% of social network sites (SNS) users aged 18-29 years have participated 1/5 political group on a SNS. Also, Facebook might encourage the participation of “Slacktivism” which is to participate in inter-based forms of political. Slackivism was formed out of “slacker” and “activism.” In other word, Facebook is a platform for people who are don’t involve in political issue too deeply. Social networking websites can be a assist media for other types of media for Activism.

Annotated Bibliography-Book

           Bogost, Ian. Persuasive games:  the expressive power of videogames. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2007. Print.
In Persuasive Game, Bogost talks about how games make arguments about politics, advertising, and learning for players, and the rhetoric of games, and analysis the power of videogames and the effectiveness of players. The main point that affects my thesis is “just like moves, books, and other media, games are an expressive medium.”  Unlike the bed reputation and stereotype of what game is, Ian sees game as a new tool for persuasion.  Also, through “procedural rhetoric,” Bogost focus on gameplay- the argument can be set bases on the rules and setup of the game. Moreover, he is asking about what different ways of persuasion can be use in game but not for other media. As Bogost believes, I think game can change the world. However, I think that the most important things is what game developers’ mentalities for making games will decide a game that brings good or bad influences.

Foster, Hal. Art since 1900: modernism, antimodernism, postmodernism. New York: Thames & Hudson, 2004. Print.

Art since 1900 is an academic book of contemporary art history which completely talks about the art history in general and the relationship between “Art” and “Social movement.” Many doctrines of art were introduced in this book, such as Modernism, Antimodernism, and Post modernism which are the new knowledge because we didn’t have any particular class of contemporary of my college courses.  Also, it shows the evolution of Art and Activism, and the media use in different time period. For my thesis development process, this book leads me to get the better understanding why, what, and how artworks have been using for Activism. Also, it forced me to think deeply when I create my artworks because I realize that “Art” is not only “Art.” Art is a communicating tool between artists and the viewers, no matter what types of art it is.

Lin, Mali. Wo men liu zhu bu tong de xue ye:  yi xue xing, ji yin de ke xue zheng ju jie kai Taiwan ge zu qun shen shi zhi mi. Chu ban. ed. Taibei Shi: Qian wei chu ban she, 2010. Print
Lin, Mali, a pathologists, international exerts in blood, and molecular anthropologists, who has been doing research in blood transfusion medicine. In recent years, she dedicated to genetic research on ethnic groups in Taiwan for Taiwanese’s roots seeking. I was very shocked when I was reading this book because it answered a lot of question I have for years, such as who I am came from and why I don’t look like Chinese people. Under the long-term brainwashing education of KMT government, most of Taiwanese loss the ability to think deep-seated problems because fake illusion can be easily find through deeply thinking. Blood vessel is a very important concept in Chinese culture, and all of Taiwanese in my age learned about “we are Chinese because the blood vessel of Taiwanese is from China.” In other words, the root of Taiwanese is China. What is Taiwanese’s root is the biggest debate issue in Taiwanese politic. Through DNA test of people in different regions, we finally know the facts.

            McCloud, Scott. Understanding comics:  the invisible art. New York: HarperPerennial, 1994 1993. Print.
Understanding Comic is a comic book, but it is not a comic book in stereotype.  This book currently not only been used in Sequential art, but also been used in game design, animation, web developing, and interface design. How to cheat or attract audience eye, and how human conversion information from the visual to the brain is the most interesting point of Understanding Comics. The most important topics of this book for me are Closure, icons, the psychology of line styles and color. In art term, closure is a skill for drawing which creates illusion of eyes, but the concept has been expanded to time and space in the book. Also, this book is not teach the audiences how to draw nice wonderful icons, but explains the principles of constituent elements and how to create imply meanings behind symbol. For my thesis project, knowing how to disseminate information and the usage of implicit facts as satires will make the project more successful.   

Qiu, Guozhen. Jin dai Taiwan can shi dang an  . Chu ban. ed. Taibei Shi Guandu: Qian wei chu ban she, 2007. Print.
This book is about the tragic history in Taiwan which including about 290 cases that were happened in the past. Through these cases, the audiences can understand the absurdity of the times, how the rulers of Taiwan treated Taiwanese which give us a lot of heartbreaking reflection. Although many Taiwanese people do not care about the past, but they also ignore the significance of inherent. For me, there were some similar stories that happened on my family, but I will never know why if I have not read this book. One of the similar was happened during the White Terror in Taiwan (40s to 90s) for my grandmother. In the time of period, government officers and soldiers forcibly plundered property because the excuse for seeking bandits, so my grandmother hidden the property in the bamboo of the fences. Fortunately, no one got arrested or missing in the event, and the property was not snatched. 

             Reed, T. V. The art of protest. :  culture and activism from the civil rights movement to the streets of Seattle. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2005. Print.
 
This book is an overview of social movement in the U.S started form African American civil rights to recent day. Also, Reed talks how activists use different media of art for developing the movement for global justice, and introduced the effects of different mediums for Activism. All these connections for politic, culture, and human life are encouraging people through activism. Also, The art of protest is a great text book of activists that including mobilization, organize, and how to participate. Reed points out ”Culture is always entwined with social, economic, and political forces, but they in turn are entwined with culture”(P.314) which give me a basic idea for  an argument of my thesis- “What is Taiwanese culture ?” If culture relates to social, economic, and political forces, what is the appearance and composition for a colonized country?  If protest is a way to force social changes, will it be a key element for defining a culture? 

           Su, Beng, Taiwan si bai nian shi  . Taiwan: Qian wei, 2000. Print.
The English title should be” The four hundreds history of Taiwan”. It is a historical record of Taiwan which was one of the banned books of Taiwan in the past. Su mentions in the introduction that Taiwanese has bare understanding of the developing history of society they are living…almost nothing. Because this lack of understanding of Taiwan’s historical development, part of Taiwanese’s (especially intellectuals) consciousness are inevitable with strong vulnerability. Seriously, people who always keep silence are more knowledgeable in Taiwan. The truth causes frightening, so most people choose to play it safe. However, there are another part of Taiwan intellectuals are craving about social changes and political movements. Actually, my feather suggested this book, and gave it to me. He was a college professor with PhD degree. After he retired from teaching, he chose to be a missionary and participate in some organization for Taiwanese rights and social issues. He believes that change the society is the responsibility of intellectuals. I got a comprehensive understanding of the historical background of Taiwan for this book which also brings some images of Taiwan’s future that I want to present in my project.

           Wang, Yude, and Guoyan Huang. Tai wan. ku men de li shi  . Chu ban. ed. Tai bei shi: Qian wei chu ban ;, 88. Print.
The truth history of Taiwan that something had been re-written, covered, and erased. Also, Wang talks about the mentality of Taiwanese who have been colonized for 400 years, and the conflicts between the residents and new arrivals. Unlike another historical book, this book particular talks about the problem which includes cultures, races, immigrants, economic, social changes, and governments’ persecution. For most of Taiwanese, the truth of Taiwan’s history is ambiguous because it was written by colonial rulers which full of myths and lies. “Depression” is the conscience of intellectuals in Taiwan. In Wang’s point of view, Taiwan is Chinese’s colony just like Taiwan is Japan’s colony because China has never treated Taiwanese as national people. For China, Taiwan is an island of criminals, traitors and bandits. For me, it just liked a big shocker that crushed the illusion of fabricated history of Taiwan, and the real history was contrary to the announcement of China’s unification who believed “Taiwan is an inalienable part of China.”